Journal of Psychiatry Psychology and Behavioral Research

EVALUATION OF WORK-LIFE BALANCE, DEPRESSION, AND JOB PERFORMANCE IN RESIDENT DOCTORS

Ratri Istiqomah — 2025-03-31

Introduction: Mental health and work performance of resident doctors are critical, given the high workload and challenges in balancing professional duties with personal life. This study evaluates the condition of work-life balance (WLB), depression, and job performance among resident doctors in one of teaching hospital in Indonesia. This study aims to evaluate the impact of a mindfulness training program on WLB, depression, and job performance of resident doctors and assess the changes in these variables before and after the program.

Methods: A total of 314 resident doctors were initially assessed, and 99 doctors with mild to severe depression were selected for the intervention. Of these, 70 doctors participated in a training program consisting of three sessions: effective communication, mindfulness, and patient safety. Pre-test and post-test assessments were conducted using the PHQ-9 for depression, IWPQ for job performance, and a work-life balance scale.

Results: Before the intervention, most doctors reported low WLB (51.4%) and mild depression (72.9%). Job performance was predominantly rated as moderate (81.4%). After the intervention, there was a significant reduction in depression levels, with 38.6% of doctors reporting normal depression levels, 42.9% reporting mild depression, and 8.6% reporting severe depression. The p-value for depression was 0.000, indicating a significant improvement in the mental health of the doctors. However, the results for WLB did not show significant improvement (p = 0.303), and job performance also did not show significant improvement (p = 0.162) after the intervention. Despite a slight increase in the number of doctors reporting high job performance after the intervention (from 7.1% pre-intervention to 11.4% post-intervention), the change was not statistically significant.

Discuss: The results of this study indicate that the training program significantly reduced depression among resident doctors, no significant improvements were observed in WLB or job performance. Despite the intervention’s focus on improving mental health, the findings suggest that external factors, such as workload and organizational support, may play a more significant role in influencing WLB and job performance. These results underscore the complexity of improving job performance and WLB, highlighting the need for a more holistic approach that combines mental health interventions with systemic changes in the work environment. Future studies should explore longer, more comprehensive interventions and address the structural factors affecting healthcare professionals’ WLB and job performance.

Conclusion: The mindfulness and communication training intervention was effective in significantly reducing depression among resident doctors but did not significantly affect WLB or job performance. Further studies with different interventions may be required to achieve broader improvements in WLB and job performance.

THE PREVALENCE OF SLEEP DISORDERS AMONG SUBSTANCE ABUSERS ADMITTED TO DRUG DE-ADDICTION UNIT AT ERADAH AND MENTAL HEALTH COMPLEX, TAIF, SAUDI ARABIA

Javed Ather Siddiqui — 2025-03-31

Introduction – Public health is affected by substance abuse, which is associated with high mortality and morbidity rates. A person who suffers from substance use disorder is more likely to suffer from insomnia. The health and social well-being of individuals and communities are adversely affected by these substances. Therefore, in recent years, research has become increasingly interested in the connection between substance abuse and sleep. The main objectives of this study are to evaluate the prevalence of sleep disorders; to investigate any relationship between sleep disorder and impact of sleep on daily functioning; to evaluate the socio-demographic profile; to find out the sleep disturbances caused by specific substances of abuse and to elucidate the relationship of sleep disturbances and substance use.

Methods – Substance abusers with sleep disorders admitted to the hospital who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in this study. The data was collected using sociodemographic information and a sleep 50 scale to interview subjects who are active substance abusers. The data was analyzed using SPSS software.

Results – A high prevalence of sleep disorder was found in male group of patients. Among the 653 substance users, 643 (98.47%) were male and 10 (1.53%) were female. According to the survey, 284 (43.50%) of the participants reported abusing substances during their 25 to 30 years of age, following by 215 (32.92%) during their 18 to 24 years of age. In this study, various sleep disorders among drug addicts were systematically evaluated.

Discuss – The prevalence of various sleep disorders in this population along with the prevalence in general population in parenthesis. These are as follows, sleep disorder was noted in 475 (72.74%) of the subjects, and 178 (27.26%) had without sleep disorder in Substance Abusers. Insomnia symptoms were highly prevalent 351(73.89%), followed by restless leg were reported in 157 (33.05%) of the subjects and lowest in circadian rhythm disorder 8 (1.68%).

Conclusion – The incidence of substance abuse has grown dramatically over the last few decades and is affecting every aspect of society. Due to their wide availability, amphetamine and cannabis abusers were the most prevalent in our study, and sleep disorders, including insomnia, were the most prevalent.

SIMPLE BIOMARKER ANALYSIS OF SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION IN AGITATION AMONG SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS: CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Tri Ratnawati — 2025-03-31

Introduction: Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder characterized by reality distortion and psychomotor disorganization, with agitation as a common symptom that increases the risk of rehospitalization. Systemic inflammation, measured by biomarkers such as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), has been identified as being associated with the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This study aims to investigate the relationship between agitation and inflammation, as indicated by elevated NLR, MLR, PLR, and SII values, in schizophrenia patients.

Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted involving 314 schizophrenia patients hospitalized at Dr. Amino Gondohutomo Mental Hospital, Semarang, from December 2023 to July 2024. Data was collected from medical records, including NLR, MLR, PLR, and SII values calculated from routine hematological exams, and the degree of agitation measured with the PANSS-EC scale.

Results: The majority of patients (65.3%) were aged 18-37 years, with a mean age of 34.07 years. Most patients were male (52.5%) and exhibited moderate agitation (66.6%). Regression analysis showed that NLR, MLR, and SII values were significantly positively correlated with agitation levels. NLR had a regression coefficient of 0.122 (p=0.001), MLR of 0.293 (p=0.046), and SII of 0.000 (p=0.035), indicating that increases in these inflammatory biomarkers correlated with higher agitation levels in schizophrenia patients.

Discuss: Hematological biomarkers such as Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (MLR), and Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII) hold significant potential in psychiatric emergency settings as simple, cost-effective, and accessible tools for early identification and risk stratification of acute agitation in schizophrenia and other severe mental disorders.

Conclusion: This study found that elevated NLR, MLR, and SII values were closely associated with increased agitation levels in schizophrenia patients, supporting the hypothesis that systemic inflammation plays a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. These findings suggest the potential for using inflammatory biomarkers as predictive tools for assessing agitation severity in schizophrenia patients, which could aid in clinical management and rehospitalization prevention.

WHEN TIME DOESN'T HEAL: A CASE REPORT ON THE USE OF TRAUMA PROCESSING THERAPY FOR PROLONGED GRIEF DISORDER MISDIAGNOSED AS DYSTHYMIA

Jiemi Ardian — 2025-03-31

Background: Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) can be mistakenly diagnosed as other mood disorders, leading to ineffective treatment approaches. Traditional interventions, including antidepressants and general psychotherapy, may not adequately address the underlying trauma associated with loss. The aim of this paper was to demonstrate the effectiveness of Trauma Processing Therapy (TPT) in treating prolonged grief disorder that was initially misdiagnosed as dysthymia.

Methods: A case study of a 30-year-old male with persistent depression symptoms following his father's death 24 years prior. Initially diagnosed with dysthymia and treated unsuccessfully with escitalopram and cognitive-behavioral therapy, the patient was later diagnosed with PGD. Treatment involved a single session of Trauma Processing Therapy, incorporating memory reconsolidation, ego state therapy, and hypnoanalysis techniques.

Results: Following one session of TPT intervention, the patient showed significant improvement, with Prolonged Grief Inventory scores decreasing from 54 to 11 and Beck Depression Inventory scores reducing from 61 to 10. The patient demonstrated improved emotional regulation, increased ability to engage in meaningful activities, and better acceptance of the loss. Follow-up assessments at 3 and 6 months showed maintained improvements.

Discuss: Trauma Processing Therapy enabled the client to safely confront and integrate the emotional memories surrounding his father’s death, resulting in a substantial and enduring reduction in grief symptoms.

Conclusion: Trauma Processing Therapy proves effective in treating prolonged grief disorder by addressing unprocessed trauma through memory reconsolidation, leading to significant and sustained improvement in grief symptoms and overall functioning.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FIRST AID FOR ADOLESCENCE VICTIM OF BULLYING

Albertus Ardana Nugrahanto — 2025-03-31

Introduction – One of the most common forms of physical and emotional violence found in children and adolescents is bullying. Bullying is a global problem that can be a serious threat to the physical and emotional health of children and adolescents. PFA is the first line of psychological support that can be given to people who are experiencing a crisis, including victims of bullying. It is hoped that this knowledge related to PFA can be a solution in helping to overcome the problem of bullying in adolescents.

Methods – Researchers employed the literature review method in this study, collecting different literature from 2011 to 2021 that explores bullying, psychological first aid, and psychological first aid for adolescent victims of bullying.

Results – Trauma from bullying has been reported to be associated with chronic and severe psychiatric pathology, including mood and anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), alcohol and drug abuse, and personality disorders. In addition, the most feared consequence to bullying is its significant association with suicidal tendencies.

Discuss – The PFA training or orientation takes place throughout between a half or a full day course, and explains the basic concepts and principles of PFA, such as how to approach situations safely, how to support very distressed people, and how not to cause further harm. PFA training uses participatory learning methods such as role playing

Conclusion – Psychological first aid is one of the protections that can be provided with the aim of helping the victim to recover after the bullying incident. PFA can be carried out by non-mental health professionals, parents, and school personnel, especially teachers and/or school nurses, therefore, they are expected to take part in PFA training.

DOES EVERSHARING PROBLEMS WILL TRIGGER AFFECTIVE DISORDER TO THE EMPATHIZER?

Nur Khalida Nia Binti Mohd Khairi — 2025-03-31

Introduction – Social networking sites (SNSs) have become an inescapable part of present day culture, which may moreover influence the mental well-being of the clients. Affective disorders clutters to the same degree of discouragement and uneasiness seems to have occurred to show biface intuitive with the interpersonal atmosphere that impact the way of sickness commencement as well as preservation. The relationship between oversharing syndromes exists as to affiliations that SNSs utilize may have with disposition emotional clutter to the empaths. Social isolation, anxiety, low self-esteem, and self-disclosure lead to the development and exacerbation of depression and other psychiatric disorders primarily with the targeted populations and individuals with pre-existing psychiatric disorders. Management of stress, anxiety, and burnout syndromes amongst the SNSs users is imperative to build a healthy environment and safe mental state in the future.

Methods – Author used 19 journals that discussed the relationship of risk factors of low mood and mental distress of empathy.

Results – Depressioni and anxietyi may have a role in influencing the sizei and structurei of a person's socialinetwork, the contacts' worth within those networks, and howi well or reasonable to implement use of relational integration or expanded to offer social support.

Discuss – Affective empathy, on the one hand, is understood to refer to the perception of an affective state that is similar to that of the observed individual, encompassing phenomena like emotional contagion and affective resonance.

Conclusion – According to SNSs point of view, there is a devising association interpolated poor temperament and empathici suffering albeit observing significant's pain. This could have significant ramifications for persons suffering from negative mood is indeed one of the causative factors. Most common symptoms and increased personal anguish from witnessing others' suffering can lead to avoidance and social disengagement. More focused and controlled study on the mental health effects of empathy and social media should be done ahead of time. This is in order to have a better knowledge of the effects of the oversharing syndrome and, as a result, to create a mental SNSs environment that is beneficial for all users.

ROLE OF GINKGO BILOBA IN ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD)

Muhammad Ilham Syakirin — 2025-03-31

Introduction – Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a chronic, neurological condition that happens in many children and is defined by a high level of hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity that is persistent and debilitating. Currently, the first-line treatment for ADHD is the use of stimulant medicines such as Methylphenidate and Amphetamine, although they have a variety of undesirable side effects, including growth retardation, addiction, and substance misuse. Ginkgo biloba is a traditional herbal medicine that has been used to treat early-stage AD, vascular dementia, and other forms of dementia in the early stages. This paper aims to evaluate the role of Ginkgo biloba as a promising alternative treatment to Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Methods – The article is made by reviewing and evaluating several literatures that discusses ADHD, ginkgo biloba, and also the role and effectiveness of ginkgo biloba in managing symptoms found in patients with ADHD. The literature used is limited to articles published between 2010 – 2022.

Results – Studies that were reviewed has shown that ginkgo biloba significantly improves the symptoms of patients with ADHD. The improvement is related to ADHD symptoms which is shown by the significant reduction in Parents and Teacher ADHD Rating score.

Discuss – Although ginkgo biloba has shown significant advantage when compared to placebo treatment, it is still inferior compared to stimulant drugs such as methylphenidate. These improvements can be correlated to EGb761’s neuroprotective ability and some studies suggests that EGb761 improves neurotransmission particularly in glutamatergic, cholinergic, and dopaminergic systems.

Conclusion – Ginkgo biloba has shown a role in managing symptoms of ADHD in children by improving the symptoms and parent and teacher ADHD rating scale. It is suggested to further evaluate the clinical efficacy, long-term safety, and dose finding of ginkgo biloba in ADHD and possibly, a combination therapy with stimulant medication in future research.

THE MAIN ROLE OF DELTA-9-TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL (THC) TO DOWNREGULATE AN EXPRESSION OF CANNABINOID 1 (CB1) RECEPTOR IN CANNABIS WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME

Faqrizal Ria Qhabibi — 2025-03-31

Introduction – Cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa have derived compounds that are the best characterized like delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) as the main psychogenic compounds from Cannabis sativa. In addition, THC is an important agonist for the CB1 receptors and has a responsibility to develop cannabis withdrawal. This paper aims to reveal the role of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to downregulate an expression of cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor and their correlation to developing cannabis withdrawal syndrome.

Methods – A literature review evaluating the role of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to downregulate the expression of CB1 receptors. The article search strategy is using a consort statement with the main keyword “Cannabinoid 1 (CB) Receptor”, “cannabis withdrawal syndrome (CWS)”, “Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)” to get structured and specific results. Data extracted from Science Direct, Springer Link, PubMed, Google Scholar databases and the only papers published from 2010-2021 that are included.

Results – The author reviewed 21 articles that met inclusion criteria based on the consort statement. The psychoactive effect of cannabis results from the binding of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to the CB1 receptor.

Discuss – Based on some experiments, intensive exposure to THC can decrease the density of CB1 receptors in the tissue by downregulating their expression. A low density of CB1 receptor will suppress the mesolimbic dopamine function that has a main role in the development of cannabis withdrawal.

Conclusion – Intensive exposure to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as a psychogenic substance of cannabis able to downregulate the expression of the cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor. The decrease of CB1 receptor density in the brain is a consequence of the downregulation of CB1 receptor expression. Based on some experiments reveal that decreasing CB1 receptor density will affect to decrease of mesolimbic dopamine function which has a main role in the development of cannabis withdrawal.

IMPACT OF MENOPAUSAL HORMONE THERAPY AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON THE INCIDENCE OF DEPRESSION IN WOMEN DURING MENOPAUSAL TRANSITION

Nadia Rahma Putri — 2025-03-31

Introduction – Menopausal women will experience symptoms as a result of changes that occur in their bodies, both due to aging and hormonal changes. Changes in estrogen levels during menopause are associated with a wide variety of problems that arise both physically and psychologically. These problems, if not appropriately addressed, will cause a decrease in quality of life that can encourage menopausal women to experience depression. The use of hormone therapy is reported to be effective for reducing menopausal symptoms. In addition to providing therapy, doing physical activity is beneficial for reducing symptoms of depression during the menopausal transition. This paper aims to discuss the impact of women's use of hormone therapy and physical activity during the menopausal transition on the incidence of depression.

Methods – This article uses the literature review method. The article used is an original research article in English and was published within the last 5 years (2019-2023). The electronic databases used are Google Scholar, Pubmed, BMC Journal, and Sciencedirect.

Results – Hormone therapy given during the menopausal transition can increase the risk of depression. The amount of hormone therapy obtained does not affect the incidence of depression; the use of estrogen hormone therapy and its combination of>1 year and hormone therapy given systemically will increase the incidence.

Discuss – Postmenopausal women who use hormone therapy will be at higher risk for depression. Low physical activity will pose a higher risk for depression, especially in postmenopausal women.

Conclusion – The use of hormone therapy or hormone replacement therapy during the menopausal transition period can cause an increase in depression and depressive symptoms. Physical activity can help reduce symptoms of depression. In addition, physical activity can also help relieve menopausal symptoms that occur during the transition period.

THE IMPACT OF MATERNAL STRESS IN PREGNANCY ON THE INFANT UNTIL THE CHILD

R.A. Rahmawati Nurul Fadilah — 2025-03-31

Introduction - The gestation period is a time of significant psychological and neurobiological changes. This is often associated with stress in the mother and the increased risk of psychopathology. This will also have an impact on the baby conceived by the mother and will even affect the newborn to have an impact on the way the mother parenting for her child which will also have an impact on the growth and development of the child. The purpose of this study was to see the impact of stress on pregnant women on fetal development up to childhood. This research was made based on a literature review.

Methods - The literature used in this study is a review of research articles only. This study concludes that exposure to stress during pregnancy can have an impact on the fetus, baby, and even childhood.

Results - The impact on the fetus is influential on heart rate variability (HRV), and the incidence of small gestational age (SGA). The impact on infants is the incidence of infectious diseases and allergies in infants, affecting the development of the baby's brain, temperament, and stress in infants, to the cognitive development of infants.

Discuss - The influence on children is the amount of cortisol and the incidence of anxiety in children, the incidence of mental illness and behavior, to affect parenting in children.

Conclusion - The impact on children is influential on the amount of cortisol and anxiety events in children, affects the incidence of mental illness and behavior, and affects parenting in children. The above can have a long or short effect on the child's next life. Therefore, it is hoped that this study can provide more awareness and attention to pregnant women, especially their mental health.