Journal of Psychiatry Psychology and Behavioral Research

PARAPHILIA AND MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS: PREVALENCE AND PATHOGENESIS

2021-06-15T12:54:51+00:00

Introduction - Paraphilia disorders are defined as an abnormal intense sexual deviant followed by behaviors to fulfill fierce sexual erotic activities. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a mood disorder marked by the appearance of a depressed mood, decreased interest, poor cognitive function, and vegetative symptoms including sleep or eating disorders. There is a study about the prevalence of paraphilia in the US, 15,9%. Meanwhile, there is about 6,1% of the prevalence of depressive disorders in Indonesia. According to DSM-5, Paraphilias, and paraphilia-related disorders, depressive disorders are the most frequent comorbid axis I diagnoses with a lifetime prevalence of life by 56%. Based on these case numbers, this study aims to discuss the correlation between these two events.

Methods - Researchers used several journals and textbooks discussing the prevalence and pathogenesis of paraphilia and major depressive disorders; and the correlation between these two disorders.

Results - Paraphilias are rarely diagnosed in clinical settings because many cases of paraphilia are related to illegal and criminal acts (such as sexual harassment), and reporting methods are unreliable, meanwhile depression is ubiquitous in both high and low-income countries. This shows that any government needs to be aware of the effects of depressive disorders. Those who have not sought treatment are still high, amounting to 87 to 91% of depressive disorders that have not sought treatment.

Discuss - There is a significant correlation between paraphilia and major depressive disorder, MDD is one of the paraphilia-related disorders comorbid axis I diagnosis with a lifespan prevalence of 56%. From the pathogenesis, monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin serve a modulatory role in human sexual motivation, appetitive, and consummatory behavior.

Conclusion - In pathogenesis, there's a degradation in function, amount, and production of neurotransmitter monoamine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin that cause the person with paraphilia usually show symptoms such as mood changes, decreased interest, depression, decreased cognitive function, and the appearance of vegetative-related symptoms such as impaired appetite or sleep activity.

Keywords: paraphilias, depression, pathogenesis.

THE ROLE of GENERAL PRACTITIONER in POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER PATIENT

2021-08-16T11:36:03+00:00

Introduction – Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness whose criteria are listed in DSM-5 and ICD 11 marked by an inability to recover after experiencing or watching a horrific event that lasts more than 1 month. PTSD should be considered in any patient who has experienced a significant tumultuous occasion.

Methods – The author makes this article based on several kinds of literature that discuss PTSD, the role of GP in PTSD patients, psychological first aid, and psychological, and pharmacological treatment for PTSD patients. The literature used is limited from 2009 to 2021.

Results – Approximately 3% of the adult population suffers from PTSD. Often the first point of contact, General Practitioners are positioned to assist patients who have contemporarily experienced a traumatic life event and who are at risk for developing PTSD.

Discuss –Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness whose criteria are listed in DSM V and ICD 11 marked by an inability to recover after experiencing or watching a horrific event that lasts more than 1 month that can be treatable. As primary healthcare providers, general practitioners are the first healthcare practitioners accessible to individuals who have experienced a horrifying episode.

Conclusion – General practitioners take an important part in recognizing people with PTSD and giving psychological first aid, managing their care with psychological or pharmacological treatment, and referring them for specialized care when needed.

Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, general practitioner, psychological.

THE OUTCOMES OF EATING DISORDER BEHAVIOR DURING PREGNANCY

2023-05-23T13:30:01+00:00

Introduction – Eating disorder behavior is a serious mental illness, that is indicated by a person's eating behavior. The eating disorder has several types including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and eating disorder not otherwise specified. Eating disorders not only occur in adolescents but can also occur in pregnant women. Eating disorders that occur during pregnancy will affect her pregnancy.

Methods – The method used is a literature review. From 117 articles, 5 articles were obtained to be analyzed. Articles used for the period 2018-2023. Journal articles, published on PubMed, Europepme, Frontiers, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar. Articles are analyzed by looking at, the author, year, and title, researcher goals, design, and results.

Results – Eating Disorder during pregnancy is fatal to the outcome of pregnancy. Small for gestational age is more common in mothers with anorexia nervosa. Large for gestational age is more common in mothers with binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa. The supporting factors that cause eating disorders are the most important are smoking and symptoms of depression and anxiety.

Discuss – Pregnant women with eating disorders (AN, BN, BED, and EDNOS) are caused by several strong factors that influence these behaviors, one of which is smoking before and during pregnancy and symptoms of anxiety and depression.

Conclusion –Eating disorders in pregnancy produce a large impact on pregnancy outcomes, especially in the fetus, such as LGA, LBW, IUGR, and SGA. The impact that occurs by the fetus can also have an impact until adulthood. Therefore, mothers should be more aware of eating disorder behavior during pregnancy.

Keywords: eating disorder, pregnancy, infant.

SOCIAL MEDIA AND MENTAL HEALTH

2021-08-25T16:21:16+00:00

Introduction – For many young people dealing with mental illness, social media has bas become an important part of their life to dealing with mental illness. Social media is a wide term that refers to mobile platforms and the web that allow people to communicate with one another in a network. Instagram Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat, etc are some of the most popular social media platforms among young people.

Methods – This paper results from literature that talks about social media and mental health.

Results – Social media have a lot of positive content and negative content. Many young people appear to use social media to share their personal experiences, look for information about mental health, and give and get support from others who have similar or same mental health challenges experiences.

Discuss – The positive impact of social media will affect young people’s promotion of mental health and awareness about mental health. The positive impact of social media has a benefit where they can find social support about mental health. Social media also can make young people or individuals receive negative peer feedback in social media may have negative consequences for psychological development and well-being.

Conclusion – Besides the many positive impacts in social media uses, social media has a lot of negative impacts with the consequences. Negative content such as online harassment, sexting, and cyberbullying will hurt mental health which will cause young people stress, anxiety, and depression.

Keywords: social media, mental health, young.

CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ABUSE IMPACT ON ADULTHOOD

2021-08-25T18:00:21+00:00

Introduction – Child sexual abuse (CSA) occurs when a kid or younger person is forced or persuaded to engage in sexual activity, whether the child is conscious of what is taking place. According to global databases, in one-third of countries in the world, at least 5% of young women reported experiences of sexual abuse in childhood. Mental health issues, behavioral manifestations, and interpersonal outcomes are a few impacts of CSA. This study aims to discuss the CSA's impact on adulthood.

Methods – The researcher used a total of 13 works of literature, articles, and journals that discuss CSA and its correlation with some mental health issues impact on an adult.

Results – Adults with a history of CSA are more likely to suffer from early onset depression, borderline personality disorder, and suicidal tendencies than someone without a history, that is why emotional support seems very important to the CSA survivors.

Discuss – As children are sexually abused, it may lead to a variety of difficulties with relationships in general, as well as a host of poor intimate relationship consequences such as adult sexual assault, intimate partner violence, and reduced happiness in romantic relationships.

Conclusion – Childhood sexual abuse is still a major problem among children and has several psychological impacts on adulthood, and emotional support is one of the great therapies.

Keywords: childhood, sexual, abuse.

COMPARISON BETWEEN OLANZAPINE AND HALOPERIDOL AS TREATMENT OF ACUTE AGITATION

2021-09-30T11:00:55+00:00

Introduction – Antipsychotics have been used as a treatment of choice in acute agitation, with haloperidol being the most widely used from the first generation, and olanzapine from the second generation. Therefore, there is a need to understand these drugs, particularly in their efficacy and safety as a treatment of acute agitation.

Methods – This review uses several works of literature between 2011 to 2021 that discuss olanzapine and haloperidol as treatments for acute agitation.

Results – Atypical antipsychotic agents are equally effective when compared to typical antipsychotics in treating acute agitation

Discuss – On several head-to-head comparisons, olanzapine showed superiority to haloperidol based on the onset of efficacy.

Conclusion – Agitated patients interfere with the diagnostic and treatment process. First-line treatment involves verbal de-escalation for patients and if failed, a physician could use pharmacological intervention in the form of rapid tranquillization to continue the therapeutic process. When determining which drug to use, a physician must consider both efficacy and safety. Due to the heterogeneity of study results, it is difficult to conclude that a certain agent is the best treatment for acute agitation. Olanzapine and haloperidol are equally effective antipsychotic agents in treating agitated symptoms. Olanzapine has numerous advantageous properties, including a lesser risk of causing extrapyramidal side effects that in turn can aggravate agitation, but the downside of olanzapine is that it is expensive and has limited availability compared to haloperidol. On the other hand, haloperidol, as a monotherapy or combination therapy either with an antihistamine-anticholinergic or benzodiazepine is a good alternative. Therefore, determining which agent to use should consider the comprehensive state of the patient, as is almost always the case when psychotropic medications are prescribed.

Keywords: olanzapine, haloperidol, agitation.

MENTAL HEALTH IMPACTS BY ELEVATED DIGITAL SCREEN TIME DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC

2021-10-04T09:17:31+00:00

Introduction – The length of time invested in and the various activities carried out utilizing digital devices are referred to as screen time. The COVID-19 pandemic's restrictions on social interactions exacerbated the overuse of digital gadgets for everyday tasks like socializing, education, shopping, working, meeting, and entertainment. Increased screen usage has been thought to have harmful impacts on psychiatric health in studies.

Methods – Several journal articles were used as references, with the inclusion criteria of literature that discuss the mental health impacts of elevated digital screen time during the pandemic of COVID-19 and its recommended measures to minimize its adverse mental health outcomes and the promotion of healthy digital habits.

Results – During the pandemic of COVID-19, the unprecedented digital life led to higher numbers of anxiety, sadness, confusion, and unpleasant feelings including irritation and violence. it is crucial to know how screen use time evolved during the COVID-19 period of crisis so that the design of health promotion and intervention may be planned and informed. This study aims to discuss the mental health impacts of elevated digital screen time on the pandemic of COVID-19 and strategies to minimize its adverse mental health outcomes, and the promotion of healthy digital habits.

Discuss – Boosting collaborative research involving worldwide nations to tackle COVID-19-related public health concerns can improve global evidence and future policies. Increased screen usage has been displayed to have harmful impacts on psychiatric health in studies. Excessive digital use has been linked to attention deficit disorders, social and emotional cognitive impairment, social withdrawal, phantom vibration syndrome, and major psychiatric diseases such as depression, anxiety, and gaming addiction.

Conclusion – It is critical to promote good digital practices and good applications of digital media to avoid the negative effects of increased screen time. To prevent hazardous screen usage and other behaviors that may influence the mental health and welfare of COVID-19-affected people, it is critical to harness the evidence available and adopt multimodal strategies.

Keywords: mental health, screen time, COVID-19.

THE BENEFITS OF NON-BIOLOGICAL THERAPY IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD)

2021-09-30T11:03:00+00:00

Introduction – Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by three main problems, namely the presence of communication disorders, impaired reciprocal social interaction with the surrounding environment, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behavior patterns in the first 3 years of age. In Indonesia, there were around 112,000 ASD sufferers in 2012, while in 2015 it was estimated that 1 in 250 children had ASD, or around 134,000 people.

Methods – The author used the literature review method by collecting the results of several kinds of literature on ASD, and non-biological therapy and their benefits in ASD children. The literature on non-biological therapy and its benefits in ASD children is limited to 2011-2021.

Results – Autism is a lifelong disorder, so it is important to recognize it as early as possible, and parents need to understand the problem. It's important to remember that the cause of autism is unknown, and no single drug has been found that can cure ASD, but some therapies can suppress ASD symptoms that can help ASD lead a more productive life by reducing symptoms and improving skills.

Discuss – There is no definitive therapy that can cure ASD, but therapy is aimed at improving ASD symptoms. Non-biological therapy which includes behavioral therapy (such as TEACCH or ABA) is currently used as first-line therapy for ASD.

Conclusion – Symptoms that appear in ASD children vary widely, therefore the therapy given is individual and depends on the circumstances and symptoms that appear. There are many types of non-biological therapies for ASD, such as ABA, TEACCH, PECS, Caregiver-mediated Intervention, Parent-mediated Communication, SIT, and AIT. These therapies have been shown to have benefits in improving ASD symptoms such as communication skills, social interaction, and behavior, where each therapy has different benefits in each type. These therapies are given to everyone as needed.

Keywords: non-biological, children, autism.

MUSIC THERAPY ON ANXIETY IN THIRD TRIMESTER PREGNANT WOMEN

2023-05-04T13:39:33+00:00

Introduction – Anxiety in pregnancy poses a bad risk to the fetus. Pregnancy anxiety puts the fetus at risk for problems like delayed fetal growth. These risks can affect the quality of maternal and infant health. The use of music as therapy can be used to help overcome anxiety, especially in pregnant women. This paper will try to find out the effectiveness of listening to music as therapy against anxiety in third-trimester pregnant women.

Methods – Literature obtained from Google Scholar, Elsevier, and Pubmed databases with a period of 2018 to 2023.

Results – Findings from kinds of literature on the use of music therapy in managing anxiety during pregnancy are very effective in lowering anxiety levels.

Discuss – Music is a non-pharmaceutical intervention that can be used as therapy. The therapeutic influence that music has on the body and mind helps balance out unpleasant feelings.

Conclusion – Using music as therapy during the third trimester has beneficial effects in reducing anxiety. Therefore, the use of music therapy is expected to be used as a nonpharmacological method to reduce anxiety in pregnancy.

Keywords: music, anxiety, pregnancy.

POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION AND PERSONALITY

2023-05-21T02:24:01+00:00

Introduction – Postpartum depression is a psychological problem that occurs in women after giving birth. A study says that about 10-20% of women experience depression. The cause of postpartum depression is not known with certainty. Some studies say psychological factors are one of the causes, therefore researchers use Big Five Personality (conscientiousness, neuroticism, agreeableness, openness to experience, and extraversion) neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness to experience) to help explain the description of personality types in postpartum mothers. This can help health workers in improving health services to mothers. This paper aims to find the relationship of personality with the degree of depression postpartum

Methods – study, the source of data obtained from the electronic database used in this review literature uses 4 databases, namely Pubmed, Frontiers, ScienceDirect, and Elsevier which have been published from 2019-2022.

Results – The results of this study neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness have a significant association with the occurrence of postpartum depression.

Discuss – Neuroticism personality type is also associated with anxiety in women after giving birth, therefore health workers need to learn personality types and conduct routine checks on postpartum mothers to minimize the occurrence of postpartum depression.

Conclusion – In the Big Five Personalities personality types neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness can be used as dominant indicators of the occurrence of postpartum depression, while for personality types agreeableness and openness to experience are currently still under further research development.

Keywords: personality, depression, postpartum